Ä Totipotency

Ä Historical background

Ä Requirements for cell and Tissue Cultures

Ä A tissues culture laboratory

Ä Nutrient media

Ä Inorganic chemicals

Ä Growth hormones

Ä Organic constitutents

Ä Vitamins

Ä Amino acids

Ä Culture of plant materials

Ä Explant culture

Ä Callus formation and its culture

Ä Organogenesis

Ä Root culture

Ä Shoot culture and micropropagation

Ä Cell culture

Ä Benefits from cell culture

Ä Somatic embryogenesis

Ä Somaclonal variation

Ä Protoplast culture

Ä Isolation

Ä Regeneration

Ä Protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization

Ä Fusion products

Ä Method of somatic hybridization

Ä Anther and pollen Culture

Ä Culturing techniques

Ä In vitro androgenesis (direct and indirect androgenesis)

Ä Mentor pollen technology

Ä Embryo culture

Ä Embryo rescue

Ä Protoplast fusion in fungi

Ä Applications in agricultures

Ä Improvement of hybrids

Ä Production of encapsulated seeds

Ä Production of disease resistant plants

Ä Production of stress resistant plants

Ä Transfer of nif genes to eukaryotes

Ä Future prospects

Ä Applications in horticulture and forestry

Ä Micropropagation

Ä In Vitro Establishment of Mycorrhiza

Ä Applications in Industry

Ä Products (Secondary metabolites) from Cell Culture

Ä Cell suspension and biotransformation

Ä Factors affecting product yield

Ä Secondary Metabolites from Immobilized Plant Cells

Ä Future of Plant Tissue Culture Industry in India

Ä Transgenic plants

Ä Selectable markers and their use in transformed plants (cat gene, nptll gene, lux gene, lacZ gene)

Ä Transgenic plants for crop improvement

Ä Insect resistant transgenic plants

Ä Herbicide resistant transgenic plants

Ä Molecular farming from transgenic plants

Ä Immunotherapeutic drugs (edible vaccines, edible antibodies, edible interferon)

Ä Difficulties in cryopreservation

Ä Methods for cryopreservation

Ä Plant cell bank

Ä Pollen bank

Ä Achievements through cryopreservation

Ä Non-Symbiotic N₂ fixation

Ä Diazotrophy

Ä Ecology of diazotrophs

Ä Special features of diazotrophs

Ä Sites of N₂ fixation

Ä Nitrogenase and reductants

Ä Presence of hydrogenase

Ä Self regulatory systems

Ä Mechanism of N₂ fixation

Ä Symbiotic N₂ fixation

Ä Establishment of symbiosis

Ä Host specificity and root hair curling

Ä Infection of root hairs

Ä Nodule development

Ä Nodule development and maintenance

Ä Factors affecting nodule development

Ä Mechanism of N₂ fixation in root nodules

Ä Genetics of diazotrophs

Ä Nod genes

Ä Nif genes

Ä Nif gene cloning

Ä Hup genes

Ä Bacteria

Ä Bacterization

Ä Mass cultivation

Ä Rhizobium

Ä Azotobactors, azospirillum and phosphate solubilizers

Ä Green Manuring

Ä Blue green algae

Ä Algalization

Ä Mass cultivation of blue-green algae

Ä Azolla and biofertilizer

Ä Mass cultivation of Azolla

Ä Mycorrhizae as biofertilizer

Ä Mechanism of Symbiosis

Ä Types of Mycorrhizas

Ä Methods of Inoculum Production and Inoculation

Ä Benefits from Mycorrhizas to Plants

Ä Benefits from biofertilizers

Ä Producers of biofertilizers

Ä Biological control of plant pathogens 

Ä Inoculum

Ä Historical background

Ä Phyllosphere-phylloplane and rhizosphere-rhizoplane regions

Ä Antagonism

Ä Amensalism (antibiosis and lysis)

Ä Competition

Ä Predation and parasitism : Mycoparasitism, nematophagy and mycophagy

Ä Application of biological control

Ä Crop rotation

Ä Irrigation

Ä Alteration of soil pH

Ä Organic amendments

Ä Soil treatment with selected chemicals

Ä Introduction of antagonists : Seed inoculation, vegetative part inoculation and soil inoculation

Ä Use of mycorrhizal fungi

Ä Genetic engineering of biocontrol agents

Ä Biological control of insect pests

Ä Microbial pesticidies

Ä Bacterial, viral and fungal pesticides

Ä Viral pesticides

Ä Mycopesticides

Ä Biological control of weeds

Ä Mycoherbicides

Ä Insects as biocontrol agents