Ä Gene cloning in prokaryotes

Ä Isolation of DNA to be cloned 

Ä Insertion of DNA fragment into vector 

Ä Use of restriction Linkers

Ä Use of homopolymer tails

Ä Transfer of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells

Ä Selection of clones

Ä Colony hybridization techniques

Ä In vitro translation technique

Ä Immunological tests

Ä Blotting Techniques

Ä Recovery of cells

Ä Expression of cloned DNA

Ä Shine-Dalgano sequence

Ä Expression vectors

Ä Gene cloning in eukaryotes

Ä Plant cells

Ä Yeasts

Ä Filamentous fungi

Ä Agrobacterium plasmids

Ä Plant cell transformation

Ä Plant cell transformation by ultrasonication

Ä Liposome mediated gene transfer

Ä Animal cell  

Ä Animal viruses

Ä Electroporation

Ä Particle bombardment

Ä Microinjection

Ä Direct transformation

Ä Site directed mutagenesis

Ä Methods of mutagenesis