Plant Nutrient | Essential Elements - Macronutrients | ePlantScience

Macroelements in plant nutrition:
⇒ Nitrogen
⇒ Phosphorus
⇒ Potassium
⇒ Calcium
⇒ Magnesium
⇒ Sulfur (Sulphur)

Topics covered in Macroelement Nitrogen

⇒	Determination of Essentiality
⇒	Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogenous Constituents in Plants
	⇒	Nitrate Assimilation
		-	Nitrate Reductase
		-	Nitrite Reductase
	⇒	Ammonium Assimilation
		-	Glutamine Synthetase
		-	Glutamate Synthase
		-	Glutamic Acid Dehydrogenase
		-	Transamination
		-	Amidation
	⇒	Proteins and Other Nitrogenous Compounds
⇒	Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Plants
	⇒	Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess
	⇒	Concentrations of Nitrogen in Plants
		-	Concentrations of Nitrogen in Plant Parts
		-	Ratios of Concentrations of Nitrogen to Other Nutrients in Plants
⇒	Nitrogen in Soils
	⇒	Forms of Nitrogen in Soils
		-	Organic Nitrogen in Soil
		-	Inorganic Nitrogen in Soil
⇒	Soil Testing for Nitrogen
	⇒	Determinations of Total Nitrogen
	⇒	Biological Determinations of Availability Indexes
		-	Determination of Inorganic Nitrogen
			-	Ammonium
			-	Nitrate
			-	Amino Sugars
⇒	Nitrogen Fertilizers
	⇒	Properties and Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers
		-	Anhydrous Ammonia (82% N)
		-	Aqua Ammonia (21% N)
		-	Urea (46% N)
		-	Ammonium Nitrate (34% N)
		-	Ammonium Sulfate (21% N)
		-	Nitrogen Solutions (28–32% N)
		-	Ammonium Phosphates (10–21% N)
		-	Other Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizers
		-	Organic Nitrogen Fertilizers (0.2–15% N)
⇒	References

Topics covered in Macroelement Phosphorus

⇒	Introduction
	⇒	Historical Information
	⇒	Phosphorus Functions in Plants
	⇒	Nature and Transformations of Soil Phosphorus
⇒	Diagnosing Phosphorus Deficiency
	⇒	Visual Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess
	⇒	Tissue Testing for Phosphorus
	⇒	Soil Testing for Phosphorus
⇒	Factors Affecting Management of Phosphorus Fertilization
	⇒	Crop Response to Phosphorus
	⇒	Soil Water
	⇒	Soil Temperature
	⇒	Sources of Phosphorus
	⇒	Timing of Application of Phosphorus Fertilizers
	⇒	Placement of Phosphorus Fertilizers
	⇒	Foliar-Applied Phosphorus Fertilization
	⇒	Fertilization in Irrigation Water
⇒	References

Topics covered in Macroelement Potassium

⇒	Historical Information
⇒	Determination of Essentiality
	⇒	Function in Plants
		-	Enzyme Activation
		-	Protein Synthesis
		-	Ion Absorption and Transport
			»	Potassium Absorption
			»	Potassium Transport within Tissues
			»	Osmotic Function
		-	Photosynthesis and Respiration
		-	Long-Distance Transport
⇒	Diagnosis of Potassium Status in Plants
	⇒	Symptoms of Deficiency
	⇒	Symptoms of Excess
⇒	Concentrations of Potassium in Plants
⇒	Assessment of Potassium Status in Soils
	⇒	Potassium-Bearing Minerals
	⇒	Potassium Fractions in Soils
	⇒	Plant-Available Potassium
	⇒	Soil Tests for Potassium Fertilizer Recommendations
⇒	Potassium Fertilizers
	⇒	Kinds of Fertilizers
	⇒	Application of Potassium Fertilizers
⇒	References

Topics covered in Macroelement Calcium

⇒	Historical Information
	⇒	Determination of Essentiality
⇒	Functions in Plants
	⇒	Effects on Membranes
	⇒	Role in Cell Walls
	⇒	Effects on Enzymes
	⇒	Interactions with Phytohormones
	⇒	Other Effects
⇒	Diagnosis of Calcium Status in Plants
	⇒	Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess
	⇒	Concentrations of Calcium in Plants
		-	Forms of Calcium Compounds
		-	Distribution of Calcium in Plants
		-	Calcicole and Calcifuge Species
		-	Critical Concentrations of Calcium
		-	Tabulated Data of Concentrations by Crops
⇒	Assessment of Calcium Status in Soils
	⇒	Forms of Calcium in Soil
	⇒	Soil Tests
	⇒	Tabulated Data on Calcium Contents in Soils
⇒	Fertilizers for Calcium
	⇒	Kinds of Fertilizer
	⇒	Application of Calcium Fertilizers
⇒	References

Topics covered in Macroelement Magnesium

⇒	Historical Information
	⇒	Determination of Essentiality
⇒	Function in Plants
	⇒	Metabolic Processes
	⇒	Growth
	⇒	Fruit Yield and Quality
⇒	Diagnosis of Magnesium Status in Plants
	⇒	Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess
		-	Symptoms of Deficiency
		-	Symptoms of Excess
	⇒	Environmental Causes of Deficiency Symptoms
	⇒	Nutrient Imbalances and Symptoms of Deficiency
		-	Potassium and Magnesium
		-	Calcium and Magnesium
		-	Nitrogen and Magnesium
		-	Sodium and Magnesium
		-	Iron and Magnesium
		-	Manganese and Magnesium
		-	Zinc and Magnesium
		-	Phosphorus and Magnesium
		-	Copper and Magnesium
		-	Chloride and Magnesium
		-	Aluminum and Magnesium
	⇒	Phenotypic Differences in Accumulation
	⇒	Genotypic Differences in Accumulation
⇒	Concentrations of Magnesium in Plants
	⇒	Magnesium Constituents
		-	Distribution in Plants
		-	Seasonal Variations
		-	Physiological Aspects of Magnesium Allocation
	⇒	Critical Concentrations
		-	Tissue Magnesium Concentration Associations with Crop Yields
		-	Tabulated Data of Concentrations by Crops
⇒	Assessment of Magnesium in Soils
	⇒	Forms of Magnesium in Soils
	⇒	Sodium Absorption Ratio
	⇒	Soil Tests
	⇒	Tabulated Data on Magnesium Contents in Soils
		-	Soil Types
⇒	Fertilizers for Magnesium
	⇒	Kinds of Fertilizers
	⇒	Effects of Fertilizers on Plant Growth
	⇒	Application of Fertilizers
⇒	References

Topics covered in Macroelement Sulfur (Sulphur)

⇒	Introduction
⇒	Sulfur in Plant Physiology
	⇒	Uptake, Transport, and Assimilation of Sulfate
		-	Foliar Uptake and Metabolism of Sulfurous Gases
	⇒	Major Organic Sulfur Compounds
	⇒	Secondary Sulfur Compounds
	⇒	Interactions between Sulfur and Other Minerals
		-	Nitrogen–Sulfur Interactions
		-	Interactions between Sulfur and Micronutrients
⇒	Sulfur in Plant Nutrition
	⇒	Diagnosis of Sulfur Nutritional Status
		-	Symptomatology of Single Plants
		-	Symptomatology of Monocots
		-	Sulfur Deficiency Symptoms on a Field Scale
⇒	Soil Analysis
⇒	Plant Analysis
	⇒	Analytical Methods
	⇒	Assessment of Critical Nutrient Values
	⇒	Sulfur Status and Plant Health
⇒	Sulfur Fertilization
⇒	References


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