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Section: Introduction to Botany
 
 
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  Introduction to Botany
 
     
 
Content
The Origin of Life
⇒ The Theory of Spontaneous Generation
⇒ Life Viewed Through the Microscope
⇒ A Modern-day Theory


The Cell
⇒ The Cell Doctrine
⇒ Mitochondria
⇒ Golgi Bodies
⇒ Endoplasmic Reticulum
⇒ Nuclear Membrane
⇒ Cell Membrane
⇒ Cell Walls
⇒ Chloroplasts
⇒ Cilia
⇒ Plastids
⇒ Vacuoles
⇒ A Single-celled Imposter


Mitosis and Meiosis
⇒ The Basics of Mitosis
⇒ Plant Mitosis
⇒ The Basics of Meiosis
⇒ Aberrations in Mitosis and Cellular Composition


Chemistry
⇒ Empirical and Structural Formulas
⇒ Alcohols
⇒ Organic Acids
⇒ Amino Acids
⇒ Polymers
⇒ Proteins
⇒ Carbohydrates
⇒ Lipids




















Mendelian Genetics
⇒ Pre-Mendelian Theorists and Theories
⇒ Gregor Mendel
⇒ Mendel’s Laws
⇒ Mendel’s Experiments
⇒ Applying Genetics


DNA
⇒ The Search for the Substance of Heredity
⇒ The Structure of DNA
⇒ The Functions of DNA
⇒ Amino Acids
⇒ Transfer RNA
⇒ Enzymes
⇒ Mutations in DNA
⇒ Gene Repression


Viruses
⇒ T-2 Bacteriophage
⇒ Plant Viruses


Physical Properties of Protoplasm
⇒ Composition of Protoplasm
⇒ Colloids
⇒ Diffusion


Photosynthesis
⇒ Early Research
⇒ Modern-day Research
⇒ Chlorophyll
⇒ Light
⇒ Electron Transfer
⇒ The Calvin Cycle
⇒ The C4 Plants
⇒ The CAM Carbon Pathway




















Respiration and Fermentation
⇒ The ATP Molecule
⇒ Respiration and Photosynthesis
⇒ The Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways
⇒ Hydrogenation
⇒ The Carbon Cycle


Bacteria
⇒ Is Bacteria a Plant?
⇒ The Original Bacteria
⇒ Modern, Aerobic Bacteria
⇒ Characteristics of Bacteria
⇒ Benefits of Bacteria
⇒ Hazards of Bacteria
⇒ Identifying Bacteria
⇒ Bacterial Growth


The Blue-green Algae
⇒ Primordial Ooze
⇒ Characteristics of the Blue-green Algae
⇒ Types of Blue-green Algae


The Green Algae
⇒ The Volvacine Line
⇒ The Tetrasporine Line
⇒ The Siphonous Line
⇒ Green Alga or Bryophyta?


Phaeophyta: The Brown Algae
⇒ Products from Brown Algae
⇒ Reproduction in Brown Algae


Rhodophyceae: The Red Algae
⇒ Bangiophycidae
⇒ Floridiophycidae


Other Algae
⇒ Xanthophyta: The Yellow-green Algae
⇒ Euglenophyta
⇒ Chrysophyta
⇒ Pyrrophyta
⇒ Acetabularia: A Green Alga


Fungi
⇒ Fungi Classification
⇒ Myxomycetes


Phycomycetes
⇒ Chytridiomycetes
⇒ Zygomycetes
⇒ Oomycetes


The Ascomycetes
⇒ Reproduction in Ascomycetes
⇒ Fruiting Bodies
⇒ Yeasts
⇒ Pathogenic Ascomycetes
⇒ Penicillium and Aspergillus
⇒ Morels and Truffles
⇒ Ergot


The Basidiomycetes
⇒ Rusts
⇒ Smuts
⇒ Puffballs
⇒ Mycorrhiza


Fungi Imperfecti
⇒ Problems in Classification
⇒ Moniliales


Lichens
⇒ Reproduction in Lichens
⇒ The Members of a Lichen
⇒ Growth of Lichens
⇒ Products from Lichens
⇒ Lichens and the Doctrine of Signatures


Plant Classification
⇒ Early Efforts at Plant Classification
⇒ Carolus Linnaeus
⇒ The Theory of Evolution
⇒ Problems in Classification
⇒ Monophyletic or Polyphyletic?
⇒ System of Plant Classification
⇒ What Is a Species?


Bryophytes: The Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses
⇒ Liverworts
⇒ Hornworts
⇒ Mosses


Pteridophytes: The Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetails
⇒ Ferns
⇒ Club Mosses
⇒ Horsetails


Tissues
⇒ Meristematic Tissue
⇒ Simple Tissues and Complex Tissues


Gymnosperms
⇒ The First Seed Plants
⇒ Classifying the Gymnosperms
⇒ Coniferales
⇒ Ginkgo biloba


Angiosperms
⇒ Life Cycle
⇒ Lilies
⇒ Comparing Angiosperms to Gymnosperms


Hormones
⇒ In Search of Auxin
⇒ Other Plant Hormones


Biological Clocks
⇒ Circadian Rhythms
⇒ Gonyaulax polyedra


Plant Nutrition
⇒ Required Minerals
⇒ Determining Mineral Needs
⇒ Symptoms of Improper Nutrition


Stems
⇒ The Woody Dicot Stem
⇒ The Herbaceous Dicot Stem
⇒ The Monocot Stem


Roots
⇒ Contributors to Root Growth
⇒ Root Hairs
⇒ Structure of a Root
⇒ Casparian Strip
⇒ Root Growth


Leaves
⇒ Simple versus Compound Leaves
⇒ Transpiration
⇒ Leaves and Transplanting
⇒ Guttation
⇒ Structure of a Leaf
⇒ Leaves and Plant Classification and Identification


Flowers
⇒ How Flowers Are Formed
⇒ Variations in Flowers
⇒ Evolutionary Modifications in Flowers


Fruits and Seeds
⇒ Forms of Fruit
⇒ Seed Structure and Characteristics
⇒ Functions of Seeds
⇒ Variations in Seed Composition
⇒ Seed Longevity
⇒ Seed Germination
⇒ Reproduction


Other Methods of Propagation
⇒ Division
⇒ Layering
⇒ Cuttings
⇒ Grafting


Evolution
⇒ Early Changes in Thought
⇒ Charles Darwin
⇒ The Tenets of Darwinian Theory
⇒ Other Theories of Evolution
⇒ The First Organisms
⇒ Prokaryotic Life
⇒ Eukaryotic Life
⇒ The Emergence of Seed Plants
⇒ Grasses
⇒ Human Life
⇒ Life over Time


Ecology
⇒ Plant Ecology
⇒ Adaptation
⇒ Environment
⇒ Climate
⇒ The Global-Warming Controversy
⇒ Ecological Interrelationships
⇒ Natural Recycling
⇒ Plant Succession


Plants and Human Welfare
⇒ Feeding an Increasing Population
⇒ Other Human Uses for Plants
⇒ Cultivated Plants
⇒ Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi

 
     





     
 
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