⇒ Gene cloning in prokaryotes
⇒ Isolation of DNA to be cloned
⇒ Insertion of DNA fragment into vector
⇒ Use of restriction Linkers
⇒ Use of homopolymer tails
⇒ Transfer of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells
⇒ Selection of clones
⇒ Colony hybridization techniques
⇒ In vitro translation technique
⇒ Immunological tests
⇒ Blotting Techniques
⇒ Recovery of cells
⇒ Expression of cloned DNA
⇒ Shine-Dalgano sequence
⇒ Expression vectors
⇒ Gene cloning in eukaryotes
⇒ Plant cells
⇒ Yeasts
⇒ Filamentous fungi
⇒ Agrobacterium plasmids
⇒ Plant cell transformation
⇒ Plant cell transformation by ultrasonication
⇒ Liposome mediated gene transfer
⇒ Animal cell
⇒ Animal viruses
⇒ Electroporation
⇒ Particle bombardment
⇒ Microinjection
⇒ Direct transformation
⇒ Site directed mutagenesis
⇒ Methods of mutagenesis