Content
Genes : Nature, Concept and Synthesis
⇒ Chemical nature of DNA
⇒ Chemical composition
⇒ Nucleotides, nucleosides
⇒ Polynucleotides
⇒ Chargaff's rule of equivalence
⇒ Physical nature of DNA
⇒ Watson and Cricks model of DNA
⇒ Circular and superhelical DNA
⇒ Organization of DNA in eukaryotes
⇒ Structure of RNA
⇒ Gene concept
⇒ Units of a gene
⇒ Cistron
⇒ Recon
⇒ Mutan
⇒ Split genes (introns)
⇒ RNA splicing
⇒ Ribozyme
⇒ Evolution of split genes
⇒ Overlapping gene
⇒ Gene organization
⇒ Gene expression
⇒ Gene regulation
⇒ Transcription
⇒ The lac operon (structural gene, operator gene, promoter gene and repressor gene)
⇒ Artificial synthesis of genes
⇒ Synthesis of a gene for yeast alanine tRNA
⇒ Synthesis of a gene for bacterial tyrosine tRNA
⇒ Synthesis of a human leukocyte interferon gene
⇒ Gene synthesis by using mRNA
⇒ Gene machine
⇒ The PCR
⇒ Amplification of DNA (melting of target DNA, annealing of primers, primer extension)
⇒ Application of PCR technology
Tools of Genetic Engineering
⇒ Enzymes
⇒ Exonucleases
⇒ Endonucleases
⇒ Restriction endonucleases
⇒ Nomenclature
⇒ Example of some enzymes
⇒ SI nuclease
⇒ DNA ligases
⇒ Alkaline phosphatase
⇒ Reverse transcriptase
⇒ DNA Polymerase
⇒ Foreign DNA
⇒ Cloning vectors
⇒ Plasmids
⇒ Bacteriophages
⇒ Insertion vector
⇒ Replacement vector
⇒ Cosmids
⇒ Phasmids
⇒ cDNA Clone bank
⇒ Gene bank (Genomic Library)
⇒ Electrophoresis
Techniques of Genetic Engineering
⇒ Gene cloning in prokaryotes
⇒ Isolation of DNA to be cloned
⇒ Insertion of DNA fragment into vector
⇒ Use of restriction Linkers
⇒ Use of homopolymer tails
⇒ Transfer of recombinant DNA into bacterial cells
⇒ Selection of clones
⇒ Colony hybridization techniques
⇒ In vitro translation technique
⇒ Immunological tests
⇒ Blotting Techniques
⇒ Recovery of cells
⇒ Expression of cloned DNA
⇒ Shine-Dalgano sequence
⇒ Expression vectors
⇒ Gene cloning in eukaryotes
⇒ Plant cells
⇒ Yeasts
⇒ Filamentous fungi
⇒ Agrobacterium plasmids
⇒ Plant cell transformation
⇒ Plant cell transformation by ultrasonication
⇒ Liposome mediated gene transfer
⇒ Animal cell
⇒ Animal viruses
⇒ Electroporation
⇒ Particle bombardment
⇒ Microinjection
⇒ Direct transformation
⇒ Site directed mutagenesis
⇒ Methods of mutagenesis
Genetic Engineering for Human Welfare
⇒ Cloned genes and production of chemicals
⇒ Human peptide hormone genes
⇒ Insulines
⇒ Somatotropin
⇒ Somatostatin
⇒b-endorphin
⇒ Human interferon genes
⇒ Genes for vaccines
⇒ Vaccine for hepatitis-B virus
⇒ Vaccines for Rabies virus
⇒ Vaccines for poliovirus
⇒ Vaccine for foot and mouth disease virus
⇒ Vaccines for small pox virus
⇒ Malaria vaccines
⇒ DNA vaccines
⇒ Genes associated with genetic diseases
⇒ Phenylketonuria
⇒ Urokinase
⇒ Thalassaemia
⇒ Hemophilia
⇒ Enzyme engineering
⇒ Commercial chemicals
⇒ Prevention, diagnosis and cure of diseases
⇒ Prevention of diseases
⇒ Diagnosis of diseases
⇒ Parasitic diseases
⇒ Monoclonal antibodies
⇒ Antenatal diagnosis
⇒ Gene therapy
⇒ Types of gene therapy
⇒ Methods of gene therapy
⇒ Success of gene therapy
⇒ Potential of gene delivering system
⇒ Future needs of gene therapy in India
⇒ DNA profiling (fingerprinting)
⇒ Methods of DNA profiling
⇒ Application of DNA profiling
⇒ Genetic databank
⇒ Reuniting the lost children
⇒ Solving disputed problems of parentage, identity of criminals, rapists, etc
⇒ Immigrant dispute
⇒ Hurdles of DNA profiling
⇒ Animal and plant improvement
⇒ Transgenic Farm Animals
⇒ Crop Improvements
⇒ Transgenic plants
⇒ Nif gene transfer
⇒ Phaseolin gene transfer
⇒ Conversion of C3 plants to C4 plants
⇒ Herbicide resistant plants
⇒ Insect pest resistant plants
⇒ Plant improvement through genetic transformation
⇒ Crop Protection
⇒ Use of antagonists
⇒ Use of insecticides
⇒ Abatement of pollution
