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Section: Algae
 
 
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  Algae
 
     
 
Content
⇒ Algae
⇒ Definition
⇒ Classification
⇒ Occurrence and Distribution
⇒ Structure of Thallus
  ⇒ Unicells and Unicell Colonial Algae
  ⇒ Filamentous Algae
  ⇒ Siphonous Algae
  ⇒ Parenchymatous and Pseudoparenchymatous Algae
⇒ Nutrition
 


Content
⇒ Reproduction
  ⇒ Vegetative and Asexual Reproduction
    - Binary Fission or Cellular Bisection
    - Zoospore, Aplanospore, and Autospore
    - Autocolony Formation
    - Fragmentation
    - Resting Stages
  ⇒ Sexual Reproduction
    - Haplontic or Zygotic Life Cycle
    - Diplontic or Gametic Life Cycle
    - Diplohaplontic or Sporic Life Cycles


Content
⇒ Summaries of the Ten Algal Divisions
  ⇒ Cyanophyta and Prochlorophyta
  ⇒ Glaucophyta
  ⇒ Rhodophyta
  ⇒ Heterokontophyta
  ⇒ Haptophyta
  ⇒ Cryptophyta
  ⇒ Dinophyta
  ⇒ Euglenophyta
  ⇒ Chlorarachniophyta
  ⇒ Chlorophyta
⇒ Endosymbiosis and Origin of Eukaryotic Algae
 


Content
⇒ Anatomy
⇒ Cytomorphology and Ultrastructure
  ⇒ Outside the Cell
    - Type 1: Simple Cell Membrane
    - Type 2: Cell Surface with Additional Extracellular Material
      - Mucilages and Sheaths
      - Scales
      - Frustule
      - Cell Wall
      - Lorica
      - Skeleton
    - Type 3: Cell Surface with Additional Intracellular Material in Vesicles
    - Type 4: Cell Surface with Additional Extracellular and Intracellular Material
      - First Level
      - Second Level
      - Third Level


Content
⇒ Flagella and Associated Structures
  ⇒ Flagellar Shape and Surface Features
  ⇒ Flagellar Scales
  ⇒ Flagellar Hairs
  ⇒ Flagellar Spines


Content
⇒ Internal Features
  ⇒ Axoneme
  ⇒ Paraxial (Paraxonemal) Rod
  ⇒ Other Intraflagellar Accessory Structures
  ⇒ Transition Zone
  ⇒ Basal Bodies
  ⇒ Root System
    - Glaucophyta
    - Heterokontophyta
    - Haptophyta 
    - Cryptophyta
    - Dinophyta
    - Euglenophyta 
    - Chlorarachniophyta
    - Chlorophyta
 


Content
⇒ How Algae Move
  ⇒ Swimming
  ⇒ Movements Other Than Swimming
  ⇒ Buoyancy Control
  ⇒ How a Flagellum Is Built: The Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) 
  ⇒ How a Flagellar Motor Works
⇒ Internal Flagellar Structure
  ⇒ How a Paraflagellum Rod Works


Content
⇒ Photoreceptor Apparata
  ⇒ Type I
  ⇒ Type II
  ⇒ Type III
  ⇒ Photosensory Proteins and Methods for Their Investigation
    - Rhodopsin-Like Proteins
    - Flavoproteins
    - Action Spectroscopy
    - Absorption and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy
    - Biochemical and Spectroscopic Study of Extracted Visual Pigments
    - Electrophysiology
    - Molecular Biology Investigations


Content
⇒ How Algae Use Light Information
  ⇒ Photocycling Proteins
  ⇒ Sensitivity
  ⇒ Noise 
  ⇒ Direction
  ⇒ Guiding
  ⇒ Trajectory Control
  ⇒ Signal Transmission
  ⇒ An Example: Photoreceptor and Photoreception in Euglena 
 


Content
⇒ Chloroplasts
  ⇒ Cyanophyta and Prochlorophyta
  ⇒ Glaucophyta
  ⇒ Rhodophyta
  ⇒ Heterokontophyta
  ⇒ Haptophyta
  ⇒ Cryptophyta
  ⇒ Dinophyta
  ⇒ Euglenophyta 
  ⇒ Chlorarachniophyta
  ⇒ Chlorophyta


Content
⇒ Nucleus, Nuclear Division, and Cytokinesis
  ⇒ Rhodophyta
  ⇒ Cryptophyta
  ⇒ Dinophyta
  ⇒ Euglenophyta 
  ⇒ Chlorophyta


Content
⇒ Ejectile Organelles and Feeding Apparata
  ⇒ Heterokontophyta
  ⇒ Haptophyta
  ⇒ Cryptophyta
  ⇒ Dinophyta
  ⇒ Euglenophyta 
  ⇒ Chlorarachniophyta
  ⇒ Chlorophyta
 


Content
⇒ Photosynthesis
  ⇒ Light
  ⇒ Photosynthesis
    - Light Dependent Reactions
      - PSII and PSI: Structure, Function and Organization
      - ATP-Synthase 
      - ETC Components
      - Electron Transport: The Z-Scheme 
      - Proton Transport: Mechanism of Photosynthetic Phosphorylation 
      - Pigment Distribution in PSII and PSI Super-Complexes of
    - Light-Independent Reactions
      - RuBisCO
    - Calvin Benson Bassham Cycle
      - Carboxylation
      - Reduction
      - Regeneration
    - Photorespiration
  ⇒ Energy Relationships in Photosynthesis: The Balance Sheet


Content
⇒ Biogeochemical Role of Algae
  ⇒ Roles of Algae in Biogeochemistry 
    - Limiting Nutrients 
    - Algae and the Phosphorus Cycle 
    - Algae and the Nitrogen Cycle
    - Algae and the Silicon Cycle
    - Algae and the Sulfur Cycle 
    - Algae and the Oxygen/Carbon Cycles
 


Content
⇒ Working with Light
  ⇒ What is Light?
  ⇒ How Light Behaves
    - Scattering  
    - Absorption: Lambert–Beer Law
    - Interference
    - Reflection 
    - Refraction: Snell’s Law
    - Dispersion
    - Diffraction


Content
⇒ Field Instruments: Use and Application
⇒ Radiometry
  ⇒ Measurement Geometries, Solid Angles
  ⇒ Radiant Energy
  ⇒ Spectral Radiant Energy
  ⇒ Radiant Flux (Radiant Power)
  ⇒ Spectral Radiant Flux (Spectral Radiant Power)
  ⇒ Radiant Flux Density (Irradiance and Radiant Exitance)
  ⇒ Spectral Radiant Flux Density
  ⇒ Radiance
  ⇒ Spectral Radiance
  ⇒ Radiant Intensity
  ⇒ Spectral Radiant Intensity


Content
⇒ Photometry
  ⇒ Luminous Flux (Luminous Power) 
  ⇒ Luminous Intensity
  ⇒ Luminous Energy 
  ⇒ Luminous Flux Density (Illuminance and Luminous Exitance)
  ⇒ Luminance
  ⇒ Lambertian Surfaces
  ⇒ Units Conversion
    - Radiant and Luminous Flux (Radiant and Luminous Power)
    - Irradiance (Flux Density)
    - Radiance
    - Radiant Intensity
    - Luminous Intensity
    - Luminance
    - Geometries
  ⇒ PAR Detectors
⇒ Photosynthesis–Irradiance Response Curve (P versus E curve)
⇒ Photoacclimation
 


Content
⇒ Algal Culturing
  ⇒ Collection, Storage, and Preservation
  ⇒ Culture Types
  ⇒ Culture Parameters
    - Temperature
    - Light
    - pH
    - Salinity
    - Mixing


Content
⇒ Culture Vessels
⇒ Media Choice and Preparation
  ⇒ Freshwater Media 
  ⇒ Marine Media
    - Seawater Base
    - Nutrients, Trace Metals, and Chelators
    - Vitamins
    - Soil Extract
    - Buffers 


Content
⇒ Sterilization of Culture Materials
⇒ Culture Methods
  ⇒ Batch Cultures 
  ⇒ Continuous Cultures
  ⇒ Semi-Continuous Cultures 
  ⇒ Commercial-Scale Cultures
    - Outdoor Ponds 
    - Photobioreactors
  ⇒ Culture of Sessile Microalgae
⇒ Quantitative Determinations of Algal Density and Growth
  ⇒ Growth Rate and Generation Time Determinations
 


Content
⇒ Algae and Men
  ⇒ Sources and Uses of Commercial Algae
    - Food
      - Cyanophyta
      - Rhodophyta 
      - Heterokontophyta
      - Chlorophyta
    - Extracts 
      - Agar
      - Alginate 
      - Carrageenan
    - Animal Feed
    - Fertilizers 
    - Cosmetics 
    - Therapeutic Supplements 
    - Toxin
 
     





     
 
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